PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL is a very popular and versatile open source database management system that supports the SQL language and that is capable of storing both structured and unstructured data, such as JSON objects.

Given that Calyptia Fluent Bit is designed to work with JSON objects, the pgsql output plugin allows users to send their data to a PostgreSQL database and store it using the JSONB type.

PostgreSQL 9.4 or higher is required.

Preliminary steps

According to the parameters you have set in the configuration file, the plugin will create the table defined by the table option in the database defined by the database option hosted on the server defined by the host option. It will use the PostgreSQL user defined by the user option, which needs to have the right privileges to create such a table in that database.

NOTE: If you are not familiar with how PostgreSQL's users and grants system works, you might find useful reading the recommended links in the "References" section at the bottom.

A typical installation normally consists of a self-contained database for Calyptia Fluent Bit in which you can store the output of one or more pipelines. Ultimately, it is your choice to to store them in the same table, or in separate tables, or even in separate databases based on several factors, including workload, scalability, data protection and security.

In this example, for the sake of simplicity, we use a single table called fluentbit in a database called fluentbit that is owned by the user fluentbit. Feel free to use different names. Preferably, for security reasons, do not use the postgres user (which has SUPERUSER privileges).

Create the fluentbit user

Generate a robust random password (e.g. pwgen 20 1) and store it safely. Then, as postgres system user on the server where PostgreSQL is installed, execute:

createuser -P fluentbit

At the prompt, please provide the password that you previously generated.

As a result, the user fluentbit without superuser privileges will be created.

If you prefer, instead of the createuser application, you can directly use the SQL command CREATE USER.

Create the fluentbit database

As postgres system user, please run:

createdb -O fluentbit fluentbit

This will create a database called fluentbit owned by the fluentbit user. As a result, the fluentbit user will be able to safely create the data table.

Alternatively, you can use the SQL command CREATE DATABASE.

Connection

Make sure that the fluentbit user can connect to the fluentbit database on the specified target host. This might require you to properly configure the pg_hba.conf file.

Configuration Parameters

Key	Description	Default
Host	Hostname/IP address of the PostgreSQL instance	- (127.0.0.1)
Port	PostgreSQL port	- (5432)
User	PostgreSQL username	- (current user)
Password	Password of PostgreSQL username	-
Database	Database name to connect to	- (current user)
Table	Table name where to store data	-
Timestamp_Key	Key in the JSON object containing the record timestamp	date
Async	Define if we will use async or sync connections	false
min_pool_size	Minimum number of connection in async mode	1
max_pool_size	Maximum amount of connections in async mode	4
cockroachdb	Set to true if you will connect the plugin with a CockroachDB	false

Libpq

Calyptia Fluent Bit relies on libpq, the PostgreSQL native client API, written in C language. For this reason, default values might be affected by environment variables and compilation settings. The above table, in brackets, list the most common default values for each connection option.

For security reasons, it is advised to follow the directives included in the password file section.

Configuration Example

In your main configuration file add the following section:

[OUTPUT]
    Name          pgsql
    Match         *
    Host          172.17.0.2
    Port          5432
    User          fluentbit
    Password      YourCrazySecurePassword
    Database      fluentbit
    Table         fluentbit
    Timestamp_Key ts

The output table

The output plugin automatically creates a table with the name specified by the table configuration option and made up of the following fields:

• tag TEXT

• time TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIMEZONE

• data JSONB

As you can see, the timestamp does not contain any information about the time zone and it is therefore referred to the time zone used by the connection to PostgreSQL (timezone setting).

For more information on the JSONB data type in PostgreSQL, please refer to the JSON types page in the official documentation, where you can find instructions on how to index or query the objects (including jsonpath introduced in PostgreSQL 12).

Scalability

PostgreSQL 10 introduces support for declarative partitioning. In order to improve vertical scalability of the database, you can decide to partition your tables on time ranges (for example on a monthly basis). PostgreSQL supports also subpartitions, allowing you to even partition by hash your records (version 11+), and default partitions (version 11+).

For more information on horizontal partitioning in PostgreSQL, please refer to the Table partitioning page in the official documentation.

If you are starting now, our recommendation at the moment is to choose the latest major version of PostgreSQL.

There's more ...

PostgreSQL is a really powerful and extensible database engine. More expert users can indeed take advantage of BEFORE INSERT triggers on the main table and re-route records on normalised tables, depending on tags and content of the actual JSON objects.

For example, you can use Calyptia Fluent Bit to send HTTP log records to the landing table defined in the configuration file. This table contains a BEFORE INSERT trigger (a function in plpgsql language) that normalises the content of the JSON object and that inserts the record in another table (with its own structure and partitioning model). This kind of triggers allow you to discard the record from the landing table by returning NULL.

References

Here follows a list of useful resources from the PostgreSQL documentation:

• Database Roles

• GRANT

• CREATE USER

• CREATE DATABASE

• The pg_hba.conf file

• JSON types

• Date/Time functions and operators

• Table partitioning

• libpq - C API for PostgreSQL

• libpq - Environment variables

• libpq - password file

• Trigger functions